Responses of Children with Chronically Ill Siblings Essay Example

Responses of Children with Chronically Ill Siblings Paper Chronic illness to any of the member of the family actually affects the whole family. And when a child diagnosed is diagnosed with a chronic illness, it has its effect not only on the suffering child but the entire family as a whole which includes his/her siblings. Though the children in most of the cases have been found to adapt their siblings’ chronic illness but the complete picture indicates that they have to experience stress and psychological problems (Association for Children with Disability, 2003). They have to suffer changes in the form of various aspects of life beginning with relationship with their parents in form of both quantity and quality, especially the mother who is so much preoccupied with ill child that there occurs an unintentional negligence in the amount of support to be provided to the other children (Cloues, 2006). The family being a system tends to maintain a sense of stability while resisting forces or changes that could cause a disruption to this stability. Chronic illness to a member especially child is a major disruption of family with stability being the first victim with later effects on other children (Cloues, 2006). In the United States, number of children suffering from chronic illness ranges between 4 and 7 million and about one-half to one million of them are actually patients of severe chronic childhood disability (Newacheck Halfon, 1998; Patterson, 1988). The extremely high variation of data makes way for something between 5% and 40% of children suffer from a chronic illness (Newacheck Halfon, 1998; Perrin MacLean, 1988). The variation itself is a proof of underestimation and the actual number might be much higher if we go along with the definition by P. D. Williams (1997), according to which â€Å"chronic illness is an ailment with a duration of 6 months or longer showing little change or slow progression† (p. 132). We will write a custom essay sample on Responses of Children with Chronically Ill Siblings specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Responses of Children with Chronically Ill Siblings specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Responses of Children with Chronically Ill Siblings specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer With the presence of a child with some chronic illness, the circumstance under which the family grows is quite unfamiliar. In the solution phase while coping with the problem, a process of change begun within the family with varying emotional responses effecting considerable sibling adjustment to manage the influx of strong and conflicting emotions (Association for Children with Disability, 2003). Background A siblings response to growing up in a family that has a child with a disability needs to be understood in their context of their stage of development. Children respond to the events of day-to-day life based on their stage of physical, mental and emotional development. Children learn from their environment and through their relationship with their parents and siblings. The sibling relationship, which is life long, has an important influence on the development of a persons identity. In later life, it can be a source of mutual support, depending on the quality of the early relationship. C. Purpose D. Research Question II. Review of the Literature III. Methodology Quantitative Reviews of the Literature A recent methodological advance to resolve discrepant findings across studies is meta-analysis. This quantitative review strategy is employed to assess factors both substantive and methodological that produce inconsistencies across studies (Schmidt, 1992). Howe (1993) employed a vote-count meta analysis strategy to review 21 studies with control groups or normative reference groups that examined siblings of children with chronic illness. A vote count meta-analysis is a simple tabulation of studies by their outcomes. Howe concluded that siblings of children with a chronic illness were at higher risk than other children for psychological problems, that neurological conditions produced more negative effects than nonneurological conditions, and that negative effects were most often manifested as internalizing behaviors. Summers, White, and Summers (1994) conducted a vote-count meta-analysis of 13 studies of siblings of children with a chronic illness or an intellectual disability. These 13 studies were assessed for their methodological quality and research methodology, and study results were categorized as positive, negative, or nonsignificant. These researchers concluded that being the sibling of a child with a disability had both negative and positive consequences, that parent surveys and direct observation generated more negative findings than child self-reports, and that higher quality studies found fewer differences between siblings and comparison samples. Like Howe’s (1993) review of the literature, the Summers et al. meta-analysis was constrained by the limitations to the vote-count review strategy: no estimation of effect size magnitude, no consideration of sample size, and no mechanism for evaluating systematically the impact of moderator variables. A recent meta-analysis of 25 studies and 79 effect sizes from the literature on the siblings of individuals with intellectual disabilities (Rossiter Sharpe, 2001) revealed a small negative effect for having a sibling with an intellectual disability that could not be attributed to a publication bias or some other artifact. This negative effect was most pronounced for measures of psychological functioning, especially depression, and adult reports versus child self reports. This meta-analysis pertains to the siblings of children with a chronic illness. Based on the findings from traditional literature reviews and the vote count meta-analyses, a negative effect was anticipated for having a sibling with a chronic illness. A number of hypotheses based on methodological and substantive issues were then derived. Methodological Issues. The first methodological hypothesis was that studies published more recently would show fewer negative and more positive outcomes than earlier studies. Lamorey (1999) observed more recent studies to show fewer negative effects and more variation in outcomes. A second methodological hypothesis was that more negative effects would be found for parental reports than sibling self reports (Summers et al. , 1994). The third methodological hypothesis was that studies employing normative data for comparison to the sibling samples would produce negative effects of greater magnitude than found for studies that employed matched control groups (Lavigne Faier-Routman, 1992). Substantive Issues. A number of hypotheses were also made that related to substantive variables. First, a larger negative effect was expected for internalizing over externalizing behaviors. Howe (1993) found four of eleven studies of siblings of children with chronic illness showed a negative effect for internalizing behavior compared to only one of eight studies for externalizing behaviors. Second, sibling outcomes were anticipated to vary by the chronic disease and its features. One view is many chronic conditions of childhood produce similar psychological and behavioral effects (Vessey Mebane, 2000). Childhood chronic illnesses, however, vary on dimensions such as etiology, age of onset, impact on functioning, and prognosis (see Lobato, Faust, Spirito, 1988). More severe chronic illnesses place greater restrictions on the child’s activities (Newacheck Taylor, 1992), and perhaps greater demands on parents, siblings, the family system, and the community (Patterson, 1988). Third, the interaction of sibling gender and birth order was considered (Howe, 1993; Williams, 1997). Method Fifty published studies from 1976 to 2000, representing over twenty-five hundred siblings of children with chronic illness, were identified from computer searches of databases such as PsycLit and MEDLINE, using key words such as â€Å"siblings† and â€Å"illness,† from previous reviews of the literature and from the reference sections of located studies. Excluded from the meta-analysis were case studies, nonempirical or qualitative studies, or studies without an appropriate comparison group or normative data. Studies were also excluded that evaluated the reactions of healthy siblings to the illness or death of a brother or sister or pertained to the adult siblings of individuals with a chronic illness. Studies that employed no comparison group but that provided normative data were included in this meta-analysis. Unpublished studies were not sought for inclusion in this meta-analysis. First, it is almost impossible to collect all published studies in all languages, much less all unpublished studies. Second, the peer review process for published studies serves as an albeit imperfect form of quality control. Third, there is evidence that publication bias is less serious than once feared (Sharpe, 1997). Publication bias, the socalled â€Å"file-drawer† problem, is the belief that the failure to include unpublished studies in the metaanalysis might inflate the magnitude of effect sizes, given that published studies may overrepresent statistically significant findings. To ascertain the likelihood of such a publication bias, statistical and graphical analyses of effect sizes were conducted. Studies by the same author(s) that appeared to examine the same participants (e. g. , Breslau Prabucki, 1987; Breslau, Weitzman, Messenger, 1981) were treated as a single study for the purposes of this meta-analysis. Three of the primary studies (Faux, 1991; Stawski, Averbach, Barasch, Lerner, Zimin, 1997; Wood et al. , 1988) provided separate data for the siblings of children with distinctly different chronic illnesses. These sub samples were treated as separate studies. In total, 51 study-level effect size statistics were evaluated. Each study was coded for method of data collection (child self-report, parent report, or direct observation), chronic illness, age of siblings, gender of siblings, number of sibling and comparison participants, and dependent measure category: psychological functioning (e. g. , Internalizing subscales of the Child Behavior Checklist), self concept (e. g. , Piers-Harris Self-Concept scale), caretaking, sibling relationship, peer activities (e. g. , Social Competence subscale of the Child Behavior Checklist), cognitive functioning (e. g. , intelligence test scores), and cognitive development (e. g. , school performance). Parent and teacher reports were combined because only five studies asked teachers to complete a dependent measure. Four of the five comparisons based on teacher reports were not statistically significant. All codings were completed by the first author and checked independently by the second author. Disagreements were resolved by discussion. Effect Size Calculations. An effect size statistic d (Hedges Olkin, 1985) was calculated for each relevant outcome by subtracting the mean score for comparison participants from the mean score for siblings with a chronic illness and by dividing that sum by a pooled standard deviation. Normative data provided by the primary authors in the published studies were substituted for data from comparison participants when the latter were not provided. If means and standard deviations were not reported, effect sizes were calculated from summary statistics (e. g. , t statistics, p values) by employing the metaanalysis software package D-Stat (Johnson, 1989). Effect sizes were weighted by the reciprocal of their variance as recommended by Hedges and Olkin (1985). When no data were reported in a primary study but the difference between the sibling and comparison groups was said to be nonsignificant, an effect size of zero was recorded. For all analyses, negative effect sizes reflect less positive functioning for siblings of children with a chronic illness relative to comparison children or normative data. Effect sizes from the same study, chronic illness, dependent measure category, and method of data collection were combined and averaged. The resulting set of 103 outcome-level effect sizes was evaluated for their statistical significance (95% confidence interval around zero) and their homogeneity (Hedges Olkin, 1985). The effect sizes from the 51 studies were also examined where appropriate to do so. The overall test for homogeneity (QT) assesses whether a set of effect sizes is internally consistent. For most meta-analyses, homogeneity of the set of effect sizes is not achieved without some combination of outlier analysis and partitioning of effect sizes into smaller clusters on the basis of moderator variables. The identification and removal of outliers are appropriate if homogeneity can be achieved by deleting no more than 20% of the effect sizes (Hedges Olkin, 1985). Regardless of the outcome of the overall test of homogeneity, however, tests of moderator variables are justified when based on theoretical considerations (see Hall Rosenthal, 1991). After the overall test for homogeneity, effect size clusters were created on the basis of moderator variables (e. g. , method of data collection). The homogeneity of effect sizes within clusters (QW) and differences between mean effect sizes across clusters (QB) were calculated. A significant QB value implies differences in the mean effect sizes associated with the effect size clusters. Interpretation of such an outcome is less clear if there are significant differences in effect sizes within one or more clusters (the QW statistic for each cluster). When moderator variables were continuous (e. g. , sample size), correlations between effect sizes and the moderator variables were calculated. Results The results are divided into three sections. The first section reports on tests of effect sizes: tests of the magnitude of mean effect sizes, tests for publication bias, and tests of homogeneity of effect sizes. The second section examines the role of methodological moderator variables, specifically, year of publication, method of data collection, and comparison group versus normative data. The third section considers substantive moderator variables, specifically, categories of dependent measures, differences by chronic illness, and effects of gender, birth order, and age of sibling.

GMAT Essay Sample - How to Use This Essay Sample

GMAT Essay Sample - How to Use This Essay SampleThe GMAT essay practice sample contains a basic outline and worksheet that you can use to complete your essays. It includes a number of scenarios and is perfect for students who are getting ready to take the GMAT, whether they are preparing for the test early or late in the year.The GMAT is a multiple-choice test in which you are required to answer multiple-choice questions and provide essay answers. You should complete practice essays before you begin taking the actual exam. In addition to completing practice essays, you should also take a look at the GMAT practice sample.Since there are some differences between the GMAT essay and GRE essay, you will find that the GMAT sample has a number of scenarios that mirror the style of the GRE. There are also many resources that provide you with an outline of the essay style, including reading from the context box and providing your own response.The GMAT practice essay contains a number of secti ons and outline of each section. You will see that the outlines include all of the different parts of the essay, such as an introduction, body, conclusion, questions, and a glossary.The GMAT practice sample also provides you with several basic sentences to work with, which are also covered in the GRE. This is an easy way to get you started on the essay. However, if you want to really perfect your essay skills, you will want to spend time studying the different parts of the GMAT test, including strategies, flash cards, exercises, and practice tests.You should spend some time studying the practice test for the GMAT. This will give you a feel for what type of questions you might be asked, as well as give you a chance to think about what type of answers you might write. While the essay might seem like an easy portion of the exam, there are some advanced concepts that you will need to understand and learn.Before you begin reviewing the practice test, you should first go over the outline, which will give you a good idea of what the test consists of. After you are familiar with the outline, you should work on your main scenario. You should also study the various writing styles and how they relate to the essay.After you have completed your practice essay sample, you should review the outline. This will help you to think of the different types of essay situations and provide you with a foundation for the different types of questions you will encounter during the test. After you have reviewed the outline, you should then start working on your main scenario.

Ironclads essays

Ironclads essays In 1861 the Merrimack was captured by the Confederates. They turned it into an ironclad by placing iron on it. To counter it the Union created its own ironclad. The Monitor was born. Here are some of the ways ironclads impacted the navel warfare in the Civil War. Ironclads were ships built in a new technological way. They were platted with iron. The iron was placed in a way so that cannon balls were deflected. These new ships made wooden ships inferior. Ironclads could destroy wood ships by ramming them of by shooting them. The wooden ships couldnt harm the ironclads because of the cannon balls would bounce off them. Ironclads could also attack forts and land forces. Ironclads were not effective fighting other ironclads. The Battle of the Ironclads between the Monitor and the Merrimack lasted around four hours. When they shot each other the cannon balls just bounced off. The Merrimack tried to ram the Monitor, but failed. At times they were so close the bumped into each other. They were two matched forces, it was a draw. Nothing could match the force of an ironclad. In May 1862 the Confederates scuttled and burned the Merrimack so that the Union could not capture it. The Monitor sank in a storm as it traveled from Hampton Roads, were the battle took place. Ironclads were never used again in the Civil War after that battle. The only thing that stopped them was a storm and a side that was afraid of their ironclad being captured. The ironclads led up to the warships of today. They are like the great grandparents of todays iron warships. This is how ironclads impacted navel warfare in the Civil War. ...

Black Genocide Essay Example for Free

Black Genocide Essay Essay Topic: African American , Abortion â€Å"Black Genocide in the 21st century† also called â€Å"Maafa† is an anti-abortionist documentary made in 2009 that speaks about the relevance of birth control, White America and Black America, Planned Parenthood and how it was established, also, the conspiracy behind abortion. The movie also deeply discusses the argument between abortion being genocide and it specifically targeting African Americans. Black Genocide was a very intriguing and interesting piece of material that filled my knowledge with much more than I had intended it doing. Before watching this video, I knew a little about abortion but not about the black genocide part. You see, I knew that abortion was a way for the government to obtain legal rights to abort children who weren’t able to be cared for but I didn’t know the government was using abortion as a way to limit the black population. I also knew that African Americans were having a lot of abortions and there were, and still is a lot of abortion facilities but never put together the idea of how they were getting access to this information, furthermore, the connection between eugenics and genocide. During the film, I learned so much information that is disgusted me and changed many of my views toward abortion and other things. I learned that in the early 1800’s, Americans feared retribution and resurrection because slavery was supposed to have ended. Intermarriage also lead to the loss of international purity and for that, they had a plan of colonization. Colonization was an affect that took place, and caused African Americans to be sent back to Africa. After the colonization, the new philosophy was established and was called â€Å"eugenics†, the perfect solution to what was known as â€Å"negro dilemma.† I also learned that Eugenics believed that Africans were inferior and without guidance, they couldn’t make it. Margaret Sanger was the founder of the â€Å"American birth control league† and was successful for promoting abortion and birth control. After watching the 21st century of black genocide, I wanted to know more about the situation with the NAACP and why the government still hasn’t publicly announced the conflict between the protesters and there undercover targets. I’d also like to know more about the positive and negative eugenics and why White America was considered positive eugenics when it was used to try and dominate the black parts of America and used as a companion to exterminate African Americans. I’d also like to know more about Planned Parenthood and to see if the facilities were still being targeted in minority places. I’d also like to know more about White America and the Planned Parenthood meetings, and also if Planned Parenthood groups still targeted low poverty neighborhoods of different race, such as Caucasians. Black Genocide. (2016, Apr 12).

Provide an outline of the various selection methods that are Essay

Provide an outline of the various selection methods that are available. From this discuss their accuracy as selection tools, which are most popular and why - Essay Example Selection methods should be reliable and applicable. Here are different types of recruitment selection methods, along with a brief description of their efficacy as recruitment tools. Competency-Based Interview: This selection tool has a very comprehensive structure. McLaughlin (in Dayan et al 2008, pg.102) stated that the competency-based interview has a certain degree of rigidity that makes it very precise in matching the applicants skill sets with the prerequisites of the job. Ellen OMahony, Financial Directions manager, stated that the competency interview is definite when it comes to determining the adequacy of the qualifications appropriate for a specific post. A competency is depicted as the knowledge and skills essential to perform a job; however, individual attributes and attitudes do add up thus making attitudes a critical part of what needs to be assessed. Detailed job analysis is the foundation of a competency interview, leading to a list of job requirements (Dayan et al 2008, pg.102). Traditional personality tests: These tests are direct to the point, gauging the personality and preferences of the individual. For example, it measures whether the applicant is introverted or extroverted; authoritative or collaborative; a leader or a team player; touchy-feely or cold and so on. These tests help assess key personality traits of the person. To look for consistency, questions are asked repetitively (Taylor 2009, p.35). The Hogan Development Survey (HDS) is traditional personality test. It is a personality questionnaire that measures deeply rooted and potentially self-destructive predispositions that can be manifested by a person under stress. This questionnaire is extensively used in the UK and internationally across an array of sectors, including financial services, construction, government, IT, airlines, shipping and retail. The HDS emphasizes 11 proven characteristics

Glaser Health Products Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Glaser Health Products - Coursework Example In most situations, these costs are part of recurrent expenditure treated as a liability in the company’s profitability index.In as much as production costs are characterized with a multiplier effect on the overall performance of the company, their increase in efficiency is always added to the value of production and increases the profitability of the firm.In order to trace various costs to activity groupings, arbitrary allocations of overheads to products, services, and consumers will be vital. At the first stage, there will be the derivation of the activity cost pool. These will consist of costs such as; material handling, procurement, and set-up. While the second stage will be made up of; costs per material movement, costs per purchase order, and costs per set-up.In primary stage cost drivers in relation to products, one needs to employ the use of activity drivers by assigning the activity costs to outputs on the basis of the consumption and demand for the outputs. All the outputs will be identified on the performance of an activity segment which consumes resources(Barrett, 2005). It is necessary to use preliminary and primary stage cost drivers because they aid in assigning resource costs to activities.This is done in three main ways which include; direct, indirect, and general/administrative costs. Direct costs consist of such costs that are traceable directly to one output such factory painting and repairs in the factory and other coats of production.

Marlow Vs. Willard Essay -- essays research papers

Marlow vs. Willard Charles Marlow and Captain Willard have many characteristics that would make them alike and different. Marlow, from the novel Heart of Darkness, was a man who was on a mission through Cambodia to find Kurtz. Captain Willard, from the movie â€Å"Apocalypse Now†, was a man on a mission to exterminate a fellow member of the United States Armed Forces, Kurtz. â€Å"Apocalypse Now† is a Vietnam parallel of the novel Heart of Darkness. While both these men were on a search for a man, they both went through many difficult hardships on the way. Both of the men had different backgrounds before they began their journey. Marlow was an experienced sailor, while Willard was an experienced warrior. Willard was a man who went to hell and back in Vietnam. His soul was already corrupted and only got worse while his journey to Kurtz continued. Marlow was a man who just wanted a job. His experience in sailing was the reason he got into his mission. Marlow takes the place of a captain who was killed by natives while on a similar journey. Willard was a man who was picked by the secret service. He was looked at because of his strong history in the military. The history of both men was important for each of them to go their perspective missions. The surroundings for each man were unique. While both Marlow and Willard had to put up with natives, they had crews that were different. While Marlow had a crew with mostly natives, Willard had a crew of American soldiers who were serving their country. Willard’s crew was comprised of mostly young men who had no idea what they were doing. â€Å"Come on all of you big strong me,† writes Joseph McDonald, â€Å"Uncle Sam needs your help again†(Class handouts, McDonald). This would describe the men that were with Willard. None of them knew where they were headed or why they were leaving, all they knew was they were serving their country. Marlow’s crew knew that they were trying to figure out what happened to the ivory supply. Marlow had a crew full of mostly natives. Their respective ships were different too. While Marlow cruised on a French steamer, Willard was on a boat provided by the military. Both men had a unique surrounding that helped each respective tale. Both Marlow and Willard became obsessed with a man by the name of Kurtz. Marlow wanted to meet Kurtz very bad. He was so fascinated with his accomplishments that he... ...urtz. Marlow could tell that Kurtz was dying while Willard knew what he had to do and that was kill Kurtz. Willard had doubts about killing Kurtz but after seeing Kurtz’s camp he knew what had to be done. Marlow knew that Kurtz had a good reason to do what he did but the ways he did them was not moral. The plundering of ivory was not good. Marlow and Willard both went through a substantial change after meeting Kurtz. The mystery that both Marlow and Willard had about Kurtz was all over. They met this man that was on their minds since leaving for their missions. One cannot tell, if Marlow and Willard were disappointed, of the states they found Kurtz. Willard at one point was even considering joining Kurtz. Willard finally realized the power of the jungle and how it took in Kurtz. Willard and Marlow are both very similar but have differences as well. Throughout â€Å"Apocalypse Now† and Heart of Darkness, each character went through many conflicts. While the sailor and the soldier went on their search to find Kurtz, they encountered many different obstacles. I believe that Willard went through a rougher time then Marlow, but one can only imagine the struggles that encountered Marlow.