A Brief Note On The Affordable Care Act - 1667 Words

An Analysis of the Affordable Care Act Through a Health Equity Lens Rabeeha Ghaffar Creighton University An Analysis of the Affordable Care Act through a Health Equity Lens Because the principle of fair opportunity should apply to everyone, then we must not only improve the health of the population but reduce health inequalities, as well. The Affordable Care Act (ACA) provides us with the opportunity to advance health equity and social justice through expansion of Medicaid, establishment of state health exchanges and changes to private insurance to increase access. However, this opportunity has not been fully realized since the inception of the ACA because it was not implemented as a federal mandate, but rather allowed†¦show more content†¦There are considerable differences both in health and in the resources needed to ensure equal opportunity to all with regards to health care (Powers Faden, p. 36) and vulnerable populations often have decreased access to quality health care. The Affordable Care Act (ACA) provides us with the opportunity to advance health equity and social justice by affording equal access to health care for every American th rough market reforms, new health care insurance exchanges and Medicaid expansion for low-income adults. However, this opportunity has not been fully realized since the inception of the ACA by leaving Medicaid expansion up to individual states. Other weaknesses result from the fact that provisions of the ACA has not often achieved the intended effects The first strength of the ACA is in its ability to advance health care through market reforms. Market reforms included in the ACA are decreased variance in health plan premiums regardless of health status or gender; access to parents’ health coverage for young adults until the age of 26; bans on lifetime limits on coverage, rescinding coverage and preexisting condition exclusions; coverage of a minimum set of essential preventative benefits; and a requirement that insurance companies spend at least 80% of premiums on medical costs (Kaiser Family Foundation and Alliance for Health Care Reform, 2012). In theory, this should increase the

Internet Searching - 2502 Words

INTERNET SEARCHING AUGUST 2012 Preface Online search / internet searching has become an essential for students and scholars. What typically took place in libraries, by phone calls or visits to experts in the field is being changed because of the Internet. Experts can sometimes be contacted by email and information, whether it is addresses, phone numbers, or detailed specifics on a certain subject, can be accessed on the World Wide Web. Search Engines have become the most important tools in locating this information, so it is important to know how to use them effectively. Search skills can be developed through practice in using the search engines and by reading the help pages provided by the†¦show more content†¦The appeal of the Internet to these bodies was obvious, as it allowed disparate institutions to connect to each others computing systems and databases, as well as share data via E-mail. The nature of the Internet changed abruptly in 1992, when the U.S. government began pulling out of network management, an d commercial entities offered Internet access to the general public for the first time. This change in focus marked the beginning of the Internets astonishing expansion. In addition to text documents, the Internet makes available graphics files (digitized photographs and artwork), and even files that contain digitized sound and video. Through the Internet, you can download software, participate in interactive forums where users post and respond to public messages, and even join chats, in which you and other users type (and, in some cases, speak) messages that are received by the chat participants instantly. Obviously, the Internet can bring you a whole host of capabilities. But how can they be put to practical use? Among the ways that users take advantage of the Internet are: †¢ Sharing research and business data among colleagues and like-minded individuals. †¢ Communicating with others and transmitting files via E-mail. †¢ Requesting and providing assistance with pro blems and questions. †¢ Marketing and publicizing products and services. †¢ Gathering valuable feedback and suggestions from customers and businessShow MoreRelatedThe, An Eye Opening Book By Nicholas Carr1125 Words   |  5 Pagesled to the invention of an efficient, revolutionary organization of knowledge: the search engine. For example, Google provides an online outlet to a seemingly infinite amount of information for internet users worldwide. Google is widely known as a necessity for everyday life: an incredible tool for searching the vast expansions of the world-wide web. Carr, frightened by the technological change that Google brings, describes how we are perpetually stuck between two modes of thinking. The online organizationRead MoreFinding Research Related To Emerging Topics Related To1005 Words   |  5 Pagesexpressions. In drop-down menus, add as many words or phrases to increase the search result. A database search with specific word phrases keywords, and other predefined limiters can be added such as a time frame is essential to current articles. Searching the Capella University Library databases requires a thorough understanding of researching and capturing articles of specific interest. Utilizing the library resources must be considered and explored extensively. In conducting searches draw downRead MoreEbsco Describes Itself As ‘The Leading Discovery Service1041 Words   |  5 Pagesalways accurately define the article’s location. (EBSCO Host, 2016) One of the advantages of this platform is its thesaurus and predictive search terms which allow you to search at ease. Other databases for example Passport are only capable of searching an exact phrase in an exact term. EBSCO Host manages to predict your search, or similar searches which helps those who may lack confidence. EBSCO states that its ‘neutral relevance ranking strategy uses numerous criteria, including term frequencyRead MoreGooglization4259 Words   |  18 Pagesare many kinds of information retrieval tools existing in the internet for Librarian and patron usage which allows access to thousands of documents in the internet. The internet is composed of numerous computer networks worldwide and has become a powerful tool for information storage, retrieval and dissemination. Locating specific information from such a huge network may require numerous search techniques, time and patience when searching for a subject in the web even if the information is just a clickRead MoreAn Evaluation of Library Databases and Resources for Use in Research828 Words   |  4 Pagescom/lib DATABASE: (NCU Library) - Ebrary KEYWORDS: Educational Technology, Internet in Education, E-Learning SEARCH LIMITERS: Education SKILLS IN THIS DATABSE: This is the first time searching using this database. I encountered many problems, even though I did view the NCU library tutorial. With perseverance I was finally able to navigate through the database. I need much more experience with library searching in all aspects. I just need to be patient and spend more time in the libraryRead MoreNavigating The Csu Global Library1449 Words   |  6 PagesEBSCO was also chosen due to the focus on business related articles. Comparing these databases on a business-related topic will prove which one has the best outcome. Searching, navigating, narrowing the scope and using the article tools are all important parts to identifying the right research. Badke (2014) states in reference to searching databases that â€Å"if you want results that reflect what you are seeking in your research question, then use such terminology that comes out of your research question†Read MoreSearch Techniques Used By Google Scholar 1966 Words   |  8 Pages When searching the above four databases the search techniques I used were: After selecting a topic the next step is to identify, in a structured way, the appropriate and related information. A systematic approach is most likely to generate a beneficial review. Searches for literature reviews are attempted most ordinarily utilizing PCs and electronic databases. PC databases offer access to immense amounts of data, which can be recovered more effortlesslyRead MoreMissing Persons Essay2244 Words   |  9 Pagesrationally and not have a clear objective, therefore wander about pointlessly. Searching has strict guidelines that the police must obey to legally secure and preserve evidence. The police have to obtain consent from the owner before searching the premises and if the consent is withdrawn before the searching officers have finished their search, then the search is no longer legal and they cannot carry on searching. Section 23 of the PACE Act 1984, states what can be searched i.e. any vehicle etcRead MoreHow A Text And Then Searching The Internet For Websites, Videos, And Images1124 Words   |  5 Pages Introduction and Objective We learned about how reading a text and then searching the Internet for websites, videos, and images can help in understanding the topic better. It can also help in making a decision about whether you are more inclined to believe an argument when the original text you read was a persuasive text. With more information, you can make better choices, but remember that not everything on the Internet is trustworthy and true! Today s lesson objective is: Students will beRead MoreThe Impact Of Internet On Public Opinion On Society1217 Words   |  5 PagesToday, the Internet is where society can find any type information, including the news worldwide. Companies, advertisers and online systems have personalized Internet experiences to draw in users. In other words, users are forced to read certain topics based on their search history and are recommended more of the same topics. This causes a large impact on public opinion in society, but the ability to find diverse content is more of an issue. The challenges to overcome diversity include, the user

HR practices in the Woolworths Group-Free-Samples for Students

Question: Discuss about the HR practices in the Woolworths group. Answer: Introduction: Engagement is the concept which is used in the context of the drive which the employees experience with regard to their work. Engagement is the level to which the employees are passionate regarding their vocation and the level to which they devote themselves to it. Engaged employees go the extra mile to give towards the success of their establishment. Engagement means that the employees work with excitement and are capable of expressing themselves in a physical, emotional and cognitive manner. Therefore it is necessary for the organisations to ensure that the employees are taken care of and valued and they are given opportunities and facilities which will help them stay loyal towards their establishment for a long time frame. Importance of the concept of employee engagement and its presence in organisations: Engagement is a crucial HR variable for a majority of organisations. It facilitates the organisation in delivering a superior performance and also in gaining a competitive advantage. Engaged employees make additional efforts, learn and know more and faster and are much more creative. In addition to this they are the organisational ambassadors. Employee engagement is one of the best predictor of customer satisfaction, personnel retention, productivity as well as profitability. Engagement levels in an organisation are responsible for taking employees to the next level of allegiance towards their company (Saks and Gruman 2014). However it needs to be understood that the notion of employee engagement can be challenging. This is because plans for keeping employees engaged and happy can often backfire. This needs to be ensured while preparing a strategic plan for employee engagement (Kompaso and Sridevi 2010). Overview of Woolworths: Woolworths is the largest supermarket chain of Australia. It operates in more than 995 stores in all of Australia. Woolworths is dependent on their team members which exceed 115000 comprising those in the stores, distribution centres and support offices (Mialon et al. 2016). These members are responsible for providing customers with greater service, range, value and expediency. Woolworths prides itself on having worked with Australian growers and farmers. This has been done to ensure that top products are always accessible to all the customers. Above 95% of fresh fruits and vegetables and 100% of fresh meat are sourced from Australian farmers and growers. This is responsible for making Woolworths as the most popular and dependable supermarket chain (Price, Bailey and Pyman 2014). Being one of the most innovative retailers of Australia it is clearly understood by Woolworths that the consumers are looking for newer and simpler ways in which they can shop. Consumers can shop from the reassurance of their computers at residence or on their way to vocation in any sort of public transport of their choice. The supermarket app of Woolworths makes it possible. The groceries are delivered to the kitchen bench at a go. HR Strategy of the organisation: Woolworths is one of the most renowned human resource organisations in Australia. The organisation has a dedicated human resource department, with the help of a few important as well as significant approaches to human resources. Developing and recruiting talent, matching staffing with the requirements of business, retaining and training as well as downsizing have been the key approaches to human resources which have been adopted by the organisation (Dos Santos, Svensson and Padin 2013). Evaluation of the HR practices existent within Woolworths: On a deeper understanding and study of the human resource practices which have been adopted and implemented by the organisation it can be said that there are certain places where it falls short in the implementation of the changes and strategies. There are certain functions which have not been undertaken by the human resource team of the organisation. The cyclical procedure which involves the long term flexibility and changes in the Human resource department is not undertaken by Woolworths. There are certain HR functions which are outsourced by the company and the procedures such as recruitment or payroll administration are possible to be executed with the help of an external supplier (Arli et al. 2013). In case of Woolworths limited the Human resource functions are operated at the strategic and functional level. The practitioners are involved with activities of planning and implementation. The company follows both the trait theory and the contingency theory for their human resource management. The trait theory has its disadvantages in the sense that the physical characteristics of the leader are taken into consideration. The contingency theory can be considered to be most appropriate in this particular regard as this theory helps in exercising control over the employees by all possible actions. Current state of employee engagement: Woolworths tries to make sure that they recruit the right kind of people. Woolworths also tries to improve as well as assess the ability of the line managers in managing their employees. It is also seen that the organisation gives importance to the collection of constant feedback from the employees so that they are able to manage their own career and career growth. The most important point to be noted in this regard is that the company always gives preference to the talent of the employees. This particular retail organisation always drives proactively the talent mobility among the employees of Woolworths and therefore their productivity can be enhanced by the increase of the motivational level of the employees (Dos Santos, Svensson and Padin 2014). Plan for the initiatives to be taken: After properly analysing the on the whole human resource management oriented factors of Woolworths limited, a initial project plan is given by the HR management team of the organisation in order to ensure that the prevalent strategic dealing conditions of the organisation is modified. There needs to be a proper analysis of all the factors to ensure the changes which are thought of can be implemented properly. Overall it can be said that the rate of employee disengagement has been found to be less for this particular organisation. It is seen that the organisation is facing challenges from the human resources perspective and the cost of the redundancies is a huge issue which might be a problem in the particular situation. One of the most crucial issues for the HR is to keep managing the staff morale and minimize the atmosphere of fear and uncertainty that rises when the job refuge of the employees is threatened. It is desirable that HR department plays a key role in the reduction of the uncertainty including the minimisation of the number of staff cuts and also keeping their staff members informed of their potential to obtain a continuing role in the business with a buyer or other redistribution options. Engaged employees are bound to invest extra time towards the betterment of their organisation and achievement of organisational objectives, to contribute to the ultimate business success. In addition to being more stimulated steadfast and dependable the engaged workers are typically better performers and produce superior results for both the customer as well as the corporation (Albrech 2011). The first and most important part of the plan can be ensuring that the organisation has an inspiring leadership plan. Competent passionate and hands-o leaders are crucial to the phenomenon of employee engagement. Enquiring about the daily status of their work and showing them how the workplace situation can be improved by meetings and interesting discussions is the key towards keeping them engaged (Wang and Hsieh 2013). Another way to ensure the engagement of employees is to provide opportunities for their growth. No employee under any situation should feel left out or underutilized. There can be frequent discussions with the employees regarding their career plans and also the best possible utilization of their strengths and energies (Anitha 2014). There should be meaningful work for all employees at all stages of their work life. There also need to be rewards and recognition for their better performance. The celebrations can be small but need to be meaningful in order to leave a lasting impression on the minds of the employees. The people need to considered the centre of importance in the organisation. Initiatives which help employees to balance their life and work easily need to be given importance in the organisation. Employees need to be encouraged to engage in hard work and balance it with socializing and fun activities (Alfes et al. 2013). Conclusion: It has always been the long standing aim of the Woolworths group to give importance to their customers with regard to their products and services which they provide. It is time therefore for the company, to give crucial importance to its employees as employees are the backbone of any organisation. Therefore for a huge and immensely famous supermarket chain like Woolworths, the importance of employees should not be undermined in any way whatsoever. As employees have the power and the capability to make the organisation reach huge heights. References: Alfes, K., Shantz, A.D., Truss, C. and Soane, E.C., 2013. The link between perceived human resource management practices, engagement and employee behaviour: a moderated mediation model.The international journal of human resource management,24(2), pp.330-351. Andrew, O.C. and Sofian, S., 2012. Individual factors and work outcomes of employee engagement.Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences,40, pp.498-508. Anitha, J., 2014. Determinants of employee engagement and their impact on employee performance.International journal of productivity and performance management,63(3), p.308. AO Dos Santos, M., Svensson, G. and Padin, C., 2014. A fivefold bottom line approach of implementing and reporting corporate efforts in sustainable business practices. Management of Environmental Quality: An International Journal,25(4), pp.421-430. Arli, V., Dylke, S., Burgess, R., Campus, R. and Soldo, E., 2013. Woolworths Australia and Walmart US: Best practices in supply chain collaboration.Journal of Economics, Business Accountancy Ventura,16(1). Dos Santos, M.A., Svensson, G. and Padin, C., 2013. Indicators of sustainable business practices: Woolworths in South Africa.Supply Chain Management: An International Journal,18(1), pp.104-108. Kompaso, S.M. and Sridevi, M.S., 2010. Employee engagement: The key to improving performance.International journal of business and management,5(12), p.89. Mialon, M., Swinburn, B., Allender, S. and Sacks, G., 2016. Systematic examination of publicly-available information reveals the diverse and extensive corporate political activity of the food industry in Australia.BMC public health,16(1), p.283. Price, R., Bailey, J. and Pyman, A., 2014. Varieties of collaboration: the case of an Australian retail union.The International Journal of Human Resource Management,25(6), pp.748-761. Saks, A.M. and Gruman, J.A., 2014. What do we really know about employee engagement?.Human Resource Development Quarterly,25(2), pp.155-182. Wang, D.S. and Hsieh, C.C., 2013. The effect of authentic leadership on employee trust and employee engagement.Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal,41(4), pp.613-624.

Observational Essay free essay sample

Its Monday a rainy evening, I am sitting in the library waiting for my friend to come, so we could study for our sociology test. The library is humongous; it reminds me of my high school library. This place is silent. In the kids section I hear a little boy crying for a book he wants to read but his mom will not let him read, a baby babbling, and the mother trying to make him quiet. There are two dark skinned boys playing marble drop with their mom’s. There are two cute little girls coloring. There is tall teen looking girl reading stories to kids. There does not seem to be many kids in this section. Therefore, I go back to the main room. I see a girl, who looks like a high school freshman doing her homework quietly. A couple of blocks from her, there are group of blonde girls texting and talking in low voices and teenage girls checking their facebook and chatting about guys. We will write a custom essay sample on Observational Essay or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In the main desk, area toward the right of the girls there is a frustrated woman who is trying to swipe the library card but perhaps her card is not working and is asking for help to a librarian. In the non-fiction book, area there is a short woman with brown hair, stacking up the books. Towards her left, there is a tall thin college looking girl arranging the books working a part time job to her college expenses. In the front of the library there are middle school kids waiting for their parents to pick them up. There is staircase next to the main door that leads to the computer room. I take glance over the computer room and it is packed with teens and adults. Some are doing homework while some are chatting in myspace and facebook. It seems like this library is always filled with people. From my observation, I see that some people come to library to study quietly and while others come to check facebook and myspace and it seems like library is a great hangout place for some kids.

Responses of Children with Chronically Ill Siblings Essay Example

Responses of Children with Chronically Ill Siblings Paper Chronic illness to any of the member of the family actually affects the whole family. And when a child diagnosed is diagnosed with a chronic illness, it has its effect not only on the suffering child but the entire family as a whole which includes his/her siblings. Though the children in most of the cases have been found to adapt their siblings’ chronic illness but the complete picture indicates that they have to experience stress and psychological problems (Association for Children with Disability, 2003). They have to suffer changes in the form of various aspects of life beginning with relationship with their parents in form of both quantity and quality, especially the mother who is so much preoccupied with ill child that there occurs an unintentional negligence in the amount of support to be provided to the other children (Cloues, 2006). The family being a system tends to maintain a sense of stability while resisting forces or changes that could cause a disruption to this stability. Chronic illness to a member especially child is a major disruption of family with stability being the first victim with later effects on other children (Cloues, 2006). In the United States, number of children suffering from chronic illness ranges between 4 and 7 million and about one-half to one million of them are actually patients of severe chronic childhood disability (Newacheck Halfon, 1998; Patterson, 1988). The extremely high variation of data makes way for something between 5% and 40% of children suffer from a chronic illness (Newacheck Halfon, 1998; Perrin MacLean, 1988). The variation itself is a proof of underestimation and the actual number might be much higher if we go along with the definition by P. D. Williams (1997), according to which â€Å"chronic illness is an ailment with a duration of 6 months or longer showing little change or slow progression† (p. 132). We will write a custom essay sample on Responses of Children with Chronically Ill Siblings specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Responses of Children with Chronically Ill Siblings specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Responses of Children with Chronically Ill Siblings specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer With the presence of a child with some chronic illness, the circumstance under which the family grows is quite unfamiliar. In the solution phase while coping with the problem, a process of change begun within the family with varying emotional responses effecting considerable sibling adjustment to manage the influx of strong and conflicting emotions (Association for Children with Disability, 2003). Background A siblings response to growing up in a family that has a child with a disability needs to be understood in their context of their stage of development. Children respond to the events of day-to-day life based on their stage of physical, mental and emotional development. Children learn from their environment and through their relationship with their parents and siblings. The sibling relationship, which is life long, has an important influence on the development of a persons identity. In later life, it can be a source of mutual support, depending on the quality of the early relationship. C. Purpose D. Research Question II. Review of the Literature III. Methodology Quantitative Reviews of the Literature A recent methodological advance to resolve discrepant findings across studies is meta-analysis. This quantitative review strategy is employed to assess factors both substantive and methodological that produce inconsistencies across studies (Schmidt, 1992). Howe (1993) employed a vote-count meta analysis strategy to review 21 studies with control groups or normative reference groups that examined siblings of children with chronic illness. A vote count meta-analysis is a simple tabulation of studies by their outcomes. Howe concluded that siblings of children with a chronic illness were at higher risk than other children for psychological problems, that neurological conditions produced more negative effects than nonneurological conditions, and that negative effects were most often manifested as internalizing behaviors. Summers, White, and Summers (1994) conducted a vote-count meta-analysis of 13 studies of siblings of children with a chronic illness or an intellectual disability. These 13 studies were assessed for their methodological quality and research methodology, and study results were categorized as positive, negative, or nonsignificant. These researchers concluded that being the sibling of a child with a disability had both negative and positive consequences, that parent surveys and direct observation generated more negative findings than child self-reports, and that higher quality studies found fewer differences between siblings and comparison samples. Like Howe’s (1993) review of the literature, the Summers et al. meta-analysis was constrained by the limitations to the vote-count review strategy: no estimation of effect size magnitude, no consideration of sample size, and no mechanism for evaluating systematically the impact of moderator variables. A recent meta-analysis of 25 studies and 79 effect sizes from the literature on the siblings of individuals with intellectual disabilities (Rossiter Sharpe, 2001) revealed a small negative effect for having a sibling with an intellectual disability that could not be attributed to a publication bias or some other artifact. This negative effect was most pronounced for measures of psychological functioning, especially depression, and adult reports versus child self reports. This meta-analysis pertains to the siblings of children with a chronic illness. Based on the findings from traditional literature reviews and the vote count meta-analyses, a negative effect was anticipated for having a sibling with a chronic illness. A number of hypotheses based on methodological and substantive issues were then derived. Methodological Issues. The first methodological hypothesis was that studies published more recently would show fewer negative and more positive outcomes than earlier studies. Lamorey (1999) observed more recent studies to show fewer negative effects and more variation in outcomes. A second methodological hypothesis was that more negative effects would be found for parental reports than sibling self reports (Summers et al. , 1994). The third methodological hypothesis was that studies employing normative data for comparison to the sibling samples would produce negative effects of greater magnitude than found for studies that employed matched control groups (Lavigne Faier-Routman, 1992). Substantive Issues. A number of hypotheses were also made that related to substantive variables. First, a larger negative effect was expected for internalizing over externalizing behaviors. Howe (1993) found four of eleven studies of siblings of children with chronic illness showed a negative effect for internalizing behavior compared to only one of eight studies for externalizing behaviors. Second, sibling outcomes were anticipated to vary by the chronic disease and its features. One view is many chronic conditions of childhood produce similar psychological and behavioral effects (Vessey Mebane, 2000). Childhood chronic illnesses, however, vary on dimensions such as etiology, age of onset, impact on functioning, and prognosis (see Lobato, Faust, Spirito, 1988). More severe chronic illnesses place greater restrictions on the child’s activities (Newacheck Taylor, 1992), and perhaps greater demands on parents, siblings, the family system, and the community (Patterson, 1988). Third, the interaction of sibling gender and birth order was considered (Howe, 1993; Williams, 1997). Method Fifty published studies from 1976 to 2000, representing over twenty-five hundred siblings of children with chronic illness, were identified from computer searches of databases such as PsycLit and MEDLINE, using key words such as â€Å"siblings† and â€Å"illness,† from previous reviews of the literature and from the reference sections of located studies. Excluded from the meta-analysis were case studies, nonempirical or qualitative studies, or studies without an appropriate comparison group or normative data. Studies were also excluded that evaluated the reactions of healthy siblings to the illness or death of a brother or sister or pertained to the adult siblings of individuals with a chronic illness. Studies that employed no comparison group but that provided normative data were included in this meta-analysis. Unpublished studies were not sought for inclusion in this meta-analysis. First, it is almost impossible to collect all published studies in all languages, much less all unpublished studies. Second, the peer review process for published studies serves as an albeit imperfect form of quality control. Third, there is evidence that publication bias is less serious than once feared (Sharpe, 1997). Publication bias, the socalled â€Å"file-drawer† problem, is the belief that the failure to include unpublished studies in the metaanalysis might inflate the magnitude of effect sizes, given that published studies may overrepresent statistically significant findings. To ascertain the likelihood of such a publication bias, statistical and graphical analyses of effect sizes were conducted. Studies by the same author(s) that appeared to examine the same participants (e. g. , Breslau Prabucki, 1987; Breslau, Weitzman, Messenger, 1981) were treated as a single study for the purposes of this meta-analysis. Three of the primary studies (Faux, 1991; Stawski, Averbach, Barasch, Lerner, Zimin, 1997; Wood et al. , 1988) provided separate data for the siblings of children with distinctly different chronic illnesses. These sub samples were treated as separate studies. In total, 51 study-level effect size statistics were evaluated. Each study was coded for method of data collection (child self-report, parent report, or direct observation), chronic illness, age of siblings, gender of siblings, number of sibling and comparison participants, and dependent measure category: psychological functioning (e. g. , Internalizing subscales of the Child Behavior Checklist), self concept (e. g. , Piers-Harris Self-Concept scale), caretaking, sibling relationship, peer activities (e. g. , Social Competence subscale of the Child Behavior Checklist), cognitive functioning (e. g. , intelligence test scores), and cognitive development (e. g. , school performance). Parent and teacher reports were combined because only five studies asked teachers to complete a dependent measure. Four of the five comparisons based on teacher reports were not statistically significant. All codings were completed by the first author and checked independently by the second author. Disagreements were resolved by discussion. Effect Size Calculations. An effect size statistic d (Hedges Olkin, 1985) was calculated for each relevant outcome by subtracting the mean score for comparison participants from the mean score for siblings with a chronic illness and by dividing that sum by a pooled standard deviation. Normative data provided by the primary authors in the published studies were substituted for data from comparison participants when the latter were not provided. If means and standard deviations were not reported, effect sizes were calculated from summary statistics (e. g. , t statistics, p values) by employing the metaanalysis software package D-Stat (Johnson, 1989). Effect sizes were weighted by the reciprocal of their variance as recommended by Hedges and Olkin (1985). When no data were reported in a primary study but the difference between the sibling and comparison groups was said to be nonsignificant, an effect size of zero was recorded. For all analyses, negative effect sizes reflect less positive functioning for siblings of children with a chronic illness relative to comparison children or normative data. Effect sizes from the same study, chronic illness, dependent measure category, and method of data collection were combined and averaged. The resulting set of 103 outcome-level effect sizes was evaluated for their statistical significance (95% confidence interval around zero) and their homogeneity (Hedges Olkin, 1985). The effect sizes from the 51 studies were also examined where appropriate to do so. The overall test for homogeneity (QT) assesses whether a set of effect sizes is internally consistent. For most meta-analyses, homogeneity of the set of effect sizes is not achieved without some combination of outlier analysis and partitioning of effect sizes into smaller clusters on the basis of moderator variables. The identification and removal of outliers are appropriate if homogeneity can be achieved by deleting no more than 20% of the effect sizes (Hedges Olkin, 1985). Regardless of the outcome of the overall test of homogeneity, however, tests of moderator variables are justified when based on theoretical considerations (see Hall Rosenthal, 1991). After the overall test for homogeneity, effect size clusters were created on the basis of moderator variables (e. g. , method of data collection). The homogeneity of effect sizes within clusters (QW) and differences between mean effect sizes across clusters (QB) were calculated. A significant QB value implies differences in the mean effect sizes associated with the effect size clusters. Interpretation of such an outcome is less clear if there are significant differences in effect sizes within one or more clusters (the QW statistic for each cluster). When moderator variables were continuous (e. g. , sample size), correlations between effect sizes and the moderator variables were calculated. Results The results are divided into three sections. The first section reports on tests of effect sizes: tests of the magnitude of mean effect sizes, tests for publication bias, and tests of homogeneity of effect sizes. The second section examines the role of methodological moderator variables, specifically, year of publication, method of data collection, and comparison group versus normative data. The third section considers substantive moderator variables, specifically, categories of dependent measures, differences by chronic illness, and effects of gender, birth order, and age of sibling.

GMAT Essay Sample - How to Use This Essay Sample

GMAT Essay Sample - How to Use This Essay SampleThe GMAT essay practice sample contains a basic outline and worksheet that you can use to complete your essays. It includes a number of scenarios and is perfect for students who are getting ready to take the GMAT, whether they are preparing for the test early or late in the year.The GMAT is a multiple-choice test in which you are required to answer multiple-choice questions and provide essay answers. You should complete practice essays before you begin taking the actual exam. In addition to completing practice essays, you should also take a look at the GMAT practice sample.Since there are some differences between the GMAT essay and GRE essay, you will find that the GMAT sample has a number of scenarios that mirror the style of the GRE. There are also many resources that provide you with an outline of the essay style, including reading from the context box and providing your own response.The GMAT practice essay contains a number of secti ons and outline of each section. You will see that the outlines include all of the different parts of the essay, such as an introduction, body, conclusion, questions, and a glossary.The GMAT practice sample also provides you with several basic sentences to work with, which are also covered in the GRE. This is an easy way to get you started on the essay. However, if you want to really perfect your essay skills, you will want to spend time studying the different parts of the GMAT test, including strategies, flash cards, exercises, and practice tests.You should spend some time studying the practice test for the GMAT. This will give you a feel for what type of questions you might be asked, as well as give you a chance to think about what type of answers you might write. While the essay might seem like an easy portion of the exam, there are some advanced concepts that you will need to understand and learn.Before you begin reviewing the practice test, you should first go over the outline, which will give you a good idea of what the test consists of. After you are familiar with the outline, you should work on your main scenario. You should also study the various writing styles and how they relate to the essay.After you have completed your practice essay sample, you should review the outline. This will help you to think of the different types of essay situations and provide you with a foundation for the different types of questions you will encounter during the test. After you have reviewed the outline, you should then start working on your main scenario.

Ironclads essays

Ironclads essays In 1861 the Merrimack was captured by the Confederates. They turned it into an ironclad by placing iron on it. To counter it the Union created its own ironclad. The Monitor was born. Here are some of the ways ironclads impacted the navel warfare in the Civil War. Ironclads were ships built in a new technological way. They were platted with iron. The iron was placed in a way so that cannon balls were deflected. These new ships made wooden ships inferior. Ironclads could destroy wood ships by ramming them of by shooting them. The wooden ships couldnt harm the ironclads because of the cannon balls would bounce off them. Ironclads could also attack forts and land forces. Ironclads were not effective fighting other ironclads. The Battle of the Ironclads between the Monitor and the Merrimack lasted around four hours. When they shot each other the cannon balls just bounced off. The Merrimack tried to ram the Monitor, but failed. At times they were so close the bumped into each other. They were two matched forces, it was a draw. Nothing could match the force of an ironclad. In May 1862 the Confederates scuttled and burned the Merrimack so that the Union could not capture it. The Monitor sank in a storm as it traveled from Hampton Roads, were the battle took place. Ironclads were never used again in the Civil War after that battle. The only thing that stopped them was a storm and a side that was afraid of their ironclad being captured. The ironclads led up to the warships of today. They are like the great grandparents of todays iron warships. This is how ironclads impacted navel warfare in the Civil War. ...